MONKEYS AND PIONEERING WORKS ON SPACE TRAVEL
Dear Editor,
ALBERT I, the pioneer monkey to be launched into space in 1948, died of suffocation during his flight. And a number also sacrificed their lives to the cause in the years that followed.
Another monkey named Albert II, became the first primate to reach space, achieving an altitude of 134 km aboard another V2 in June 1949. He survived the launch but died after a parachute failure caused his capsule to slam hard into the ground.
Alberts III and IV died during their missions in late 1949, and Albert V was victimised by another parachute failure in 1951.
Albert VI, also known as Yorick, survived his 1951 flight, though it topped out at an altitude of just 72 km – significantly below the generally accepted 100 km boundary demarcating outer space.
Yorick died several hours after landing, possibly from heat stress suffered as he sat inside his cramped capsule in the New Mexico sun, waiting for the recovery crew.
The United States recorded a milestone in May 1959, finally recovering two primates alive after a spaceflight. A rhesus monkey named Able and a squirrel monkey named Baker reached an altitude of 483 km aboard a Jupiter rocket and were retrieved unharmed.
Sadly, Able died several days later during an operation to remove an electrode from under her skin.
As the American human spaceflight programme began to build momentum, the nation started experimenting with chimpanzees, which are larger and more closely related to humans than are rhesus, squirrel or other monkeys.
The U.S. launched a chimp named Ham on a suborbital spaceflight on January 31, 1961. Ham reached an altitude of 253 km during a 16.5-minute flight and was recovered unharmed, though a bit dehydrated.
With this success in hand, Alan Shepard successfully blasted off on his suborbital flight on May 5, 1961, becoming the first American – and second human, after the Soviet Union’s Yuri Gagarin – ever to reach space.
A chimp named Enos orbited the Earth on November 29, 1961, paving the way for John Glenn’s historic orbital flight of February 20, 1962.
Again, the U.S. was slightly late to the party: Gagarin orbited our planet on his flight of April 12, 1961.
After it became established that humans could indeed survive the rigors of spaceflight, monkeys and apes faded into the background. The U.S. continued to launch animals for scientific experiments but increasingly concentrated on smaller creatures such as mice and insects, which are easier to care for and take up much less space although two squirrel monkeys did ride on the space shuttle Challenger’s STS-51-B mission in April-May 1985.
The United States’ space race rival, the Soviet Union, primarily used dogs in the run-up to its first human launches, thinking that canines would prove to be less fidgety in flight than monkeys.
The Soviets launched their first dogs to space in 1951. The nation famously succeeded in lofting the first animal – a dog called Laika (“Barker”) – to orbit aboard the Sputnik 2 spacecraft in November 1957. Laika died during the flight.
Despite its canine focus, the Soviet Union and its successor state Russia did launch a number of rhesus monkeys to space in the 1980s and 1990s, as part of a programme called Bion.
France also blasted two pig-tailed macaque monkeys to suborbital space in 1967.
Iran’s recent launch was not its first attempt to send a monkey into space. A previous orbital effort in 2011 failed.
SINKAMBA PETER.
